Abnormal Function of the Upper Urinary Tract

Abnormal calcifications in the urinary tract.

A wide variety of calcifications may develop in the urinary tract. Calculi, the most common form of urinary tract calcification, are usually radiopaque due to their calcium content, whereas cystine stones tend to be less opaque. In cortical nephrocalcinosis, calcification may be spotty or may appear as a thin rim outlining the cortex. Intracystic calcification is usually thin and peripheral and...

Cholesteatoma of the upper urinary tract.

Cholesteatoma of the urinary tract is a rare condition which can be diagnosed radiographically. The radiographic findings of stringy intraluminal defects or nodules that may lightly calcify or coalesce to form a discrete mass in association with calculi and/or obstruction are characteristic. A history of chronic urinary tract infection, renal colic, and desquamated epithelial cells in the urine...

Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Cancer

Aetiology Smoking – increased RR x7 Analgaesic abuse Phenacetin most commonly described – increased RR 3.6x. Also associated with codeine, paracetamol and salyicylates Associated papillary necrosis on imaging associated with risk increase x7, which is synergistic with phenacetin abuse (20x) Characteristic finding of thickened basement membrane on histology – should alert physician to need for c...

Complicated Upper Urinary Tract Infection

Nasser Shakhssalim1, Mohammad Samzadeh2 and Seyed Mohammad Ghahestani3 1Assistant Professor of Urology, Urology and Nephrology Research Center (UNRC), Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBUMS), Tehran, 2Resident of Urology, UNRC, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center,SBUMS, Tehran, 3Fellowship of Pediatric Urology Tehran university of medical scienc...

Modern Upper Urinary Tract Endoscopy